Coughs References

1. Australian Government Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration., 2005. Core Bromhexine product information. [Online] Available at: https://search.tga.gov.au/s/search.html?collection=tga-websites-web&query=bromhexine&op=Search[Accessed April 2020].
2. Australian Government Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Dec 2005. Core Pholcodine product information [Online] Available at: https://search.tga.gov.au/s/search.html?collection=tga-websites-web&query=pholcodine[Accessed November 2019].
3. Consumer Healthcare Products Association, 2007. Meeting of the Nonprescription Drugs Advisory Comittee. [Online].
4. Dezube, R., 2019. Overview of the Respiratory System. [Online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/biology-of-the-lungs-and-airways/overview-of-the-respiratory-system[Accessed 28 February 2020].
5. DrugBank, 2020. Salbutamol. [Online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01001[Accessed 25 February 2020].
6. Duro-Tuss Package Insert, November 2017.
7. Fookes, C., 2018. Expectorants. [Online] Available at: https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/expectorants.html[Accessed 15 January 2020].
8. Harvard Health Pubishing , 2019. That nagging cough. [Online] Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/that-nagging-cough[Accessed 15 January 2020].
9. Howden, M. & Stirling, R., 2010. Management of a chesty cough. Medicine Today, 11(8), pp. 36-48.
10. Parihar, M. et al., 2011. A Review – Cough and Treatments. International Journal of Natural Products Research, 1(1), pp. 9-18.
11. Patwa, A. & Shah, A., 2015. Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system relevant to anaesthesia. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 59(9), pp. 553-541.
12. Pholtex Forte Package Insert, February 1999.
13. Pholtex Junior Package Insert, February 2004.
14. Pholtex Plus Package Insert, July 2017.
15. Saeb-Parsy, K. et al., 1999. Salbutamol. In: Instant Pharmacology. Chichester: Johny Wiley & Sons, p. 293.
16. Stirling, R., 2007. Management of chronic cough in adults. Medicine Today, 8(9), pp. 33-44.
17. Sultana, S., Khan, A., Safhi, M. & Alhazmi, H., 2016. Cough Suppressant Herbal Drugs: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 5(5), pp. 15-28.
18. Truter, I., 2007. Evidence Based Pharmacy Practice: Cough. South African Pharmaceutical Journal, 74(4), pp. 20-27.
19. van Schoor, J., 2012. An approach to recommending cough mixtures in the pharmacy. South African Pharmaceutical Journal, 79(6), pp. 30-33.

Sore Throats References

1. ChlorhexidineFacts.com, 2018. About Chlorhexidine: Mechanism of Action. [Online] Available at: https://chlorhexidinefacts.com/mechanism-of-action.html
2. Drexler, M., 2010. How Infection Works, Washington: National Academies Press (US).
3. DrugBank, 2020. Benzydamine. [Online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09084[Accessed 01 10 2020].
4. DrugBank, 2020. Cetylpyridinium. [Online] Available at: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11073[Accessed 27 February 2020].
5. Gupta, G. & Mahajan, K., 2019. Acute Laryngitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
6. Haddad, M. & Sharma, S., 2019. Physiology, Lung. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
7. Healthline, 2015. Respiratory. [Online] Available at: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/respiratory-system[Accessed 25 February 2020].
8. Mayo Clinic, 2018. Tonsillitis. [Online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tonsillitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378479[Accessed 10 December 2019].
9. Meštrović, T., 2018. News Medical Life Sciences. [Online] Available at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/what-is-strep-throt.aspx[Accessed 19 December 2019].
10. Ogbru, A., 2019. NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs) Drug Information. [Online].
11. OnHealth, 2018. Sore Throat vs. Strep Throat. [Online] Available at: https://www.onhealth.com_content_1_sore_throat_strep_throat
12. Ricciotti, E. & FitzGerald, G., 2011. Prostaglandins and Inflammation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 31(5), pp. 986-1000.
13. Wolford, R. & Schaefer, T., 2019. Pharyngitis, s.l.: StatPearls Publishing.
14. Andolex-C Anti-Bacterial Mouthwash 200ml product packaging, January 2019
15. Andolex-C Lozenge (Raspberry) Package Insert, April 1997
16. Andolex-C Wildberry Pastilles Package Insert, February 2018
17. Andolex C Oral Rinse Package Insert, February 2017
18. Andolex C Oral Gel Package Insert, April 2002
19. Andolex Solution Package Insert, November 2016

Allergies References

1. Allergy Foundation of South Africa, 2018. Urticaria. [Online] Available at: http://www.allergyfoundation.co.za/patient-information/en/allergic-diseases/urticaria/[Accessed December 2020].
2. Bartlett, D., 2018. Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. [Online] Available at: https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/chronic-spontaneous-urticaria/[Accessed January 2020].
3. Engler, D. & Malan, L., 2017. Antihistamines and allergies:an update. South African Pharmaceutical Journal, 84(5), pp. 24-32.
4. Fantin, S. et al., 2008. A 12-week placebo-controlled study of rupatadine 10 mg once daily compared with ceterizine 10 mg once daily, in the treatment of persistant allergic rhinitis. Allergy, Volume 63, pp. 924-938.
5. Grzelewska-Rzymowska, I. & Gorski, P., 2016. Rupatadine: a novel second-generation antihistamine. Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, XXVIII(6), pp. 480-488.
6. InformedHealth.org , 2017. Allergies: Overview. In: NCBI Bookshelf. Cologne: IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care), pp. 1-5.
7. Mullol, J. et al., 2015. Update on rupatadine in the management of allergic disorders. Allergy, 70(100), pp. 1-24.
8. Mullol, j. et al., 2008. Rupatadine in allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. Allergy, 63(87), pp. 5-28.
9. Ridolo, E. et al., 2014. Rupatadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria: a look at the clinical data. Clinical Investigation, 4(5), pp. 453-461.
10. Rupanase Package Insert, October 2014
11. Schellack, N., Schellack., G. & Janse van Rensburg, M., 2014. An overview of anti-allergic drug therapy and the histamine-1 antihistamines. South African Pharmaceutical Journal, 81(9), pp. 16-23.

Airborne Allergies References

  1. AllerguardTM Package Insert. July 2016.
  2. Pawankar R et al. (eds) WAO White Book on Allergy 2011 World Allergy Organization.
  3. Eichel A et al. Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Ectoine Nasal Spray in Patients with Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis. Journal of Allergy. 2014.
  4. Salapatek A et al. Ectoin®, a Novel, Non-Drug, Extremophile-Based Device, Relieves Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis Symptoms in Patients in an Environmental Exposure Chamber Model. 2011 AAAAI Annual Meeting.
  5. Lentzen G et al. Extremolytes: Natural compounds from extremophiles for versatile applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006 Oct, 72 (4) 623-34. Epub 2006 Sep 7.
  6. www.ectoin.net/EN/wirkweise cited October 2016.

Musculoskeletal Pain Management References

  1. Asher, A., 2018. Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Spasm Cycle. [Online] Available at: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-myofascial-pain-syndrome-296534?print[Accessed January 2020].
  2. Beebe, F., Barkin, R. & Barkin, S., 2005. A Clinical and Pharmacologic Review of Skeletal. American Journal of Therapeutics, Volume 12, pp. 151-171.
  3. Cleveland Clinic, 2014. Muscle spasms. [Online] Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15466-muscle-spasms[Accessed March 2020].
  4. Cleveland Clinic, 2014. Musculoskeletal Pain. [Online] Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14526-musculoskeletal-pain[Accessed December 2019].
  5. Markham, J., 2018. Treatment of Pain. [Online] Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/pain/treatment-of-pain[Accessed February 2020].
  6. Mayo Clinic, 2018. Muscle Pain. [Online] Available at: URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/muscle-pain/basics/definition/sym-20050866?p=1[Accessed December 2019].
  7. Mayo Clinic, 2018. Tension headache. [Online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353982[Accessed December 2019].
  8. Nordqvist, C., 2017. Medical News Today. [Online] Available at: Website: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172943.php[Accessed January 2020].
  9. Norflex Package Insert, February 1985
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  2. Noto, R. E. & Edens, M. A., 2018. Physiology, Muscle. In: StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, pp. 1-3.
  3. Seattle Children’s Hospital, 2019. The Pain-Tension Cycle. [Online] Available at: https://www.seattlechildrens.org/pdf/PE2251.pdf[Accessed Febraury 2020].
  4. University of Rochester Medical Centre, 2018. Overuse Injuries. [Online] Available at: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02779[Accessed January 2020].
  5. Villa-Forte, A., 2019. Introduction to the Biology of Musculoskeletal System. [Online] Available at: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone,-joint,-and-muscle-disorders/biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system/introduction-to-the-biology-of-the-musculoskeletal-system[Accessed January 2020].
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  7. Waldman, H. J., 1994. Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants and Associated Drugs. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Volume 9, pp. 134-441.

Feminine Health References

1. Boskey, E., 2019. Vaginal Flora. [Online] Available at: https://www.verywellhealth.com/vaginal-flora-3132918[Accessed December 2019].
2. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. Bacterial Vaginosis – CDC Fact Sheet. [Online] Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/std/bv/stdfact-bacterial-vaginosis.htm[Accessed 20 February 2020].
3. Department of Health England, 2015. Thrush and Bacterial vaginosis. The Family Planning Association. England: Public Health England.
4. Eckert, L., 2006. Acute Vulvovaginitis. The New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 355, pp. 1244-52.
5. Goje, O., 2019. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). [Online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis,-cervicitis,-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pid/bacterial-vaginosis-bv[Accessed 21 December 2019].
6. Mayo Clinic, 2019. Vaginal Discharge. [Online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/vaginal-discharge/basics/definition/sym-20050825[Accessed December 2019].
7. MetroGel V Package Insert, October 2000
8. Ranjit, E., Raghubanshi, B., Maskey, S. & Parajuli, P., 2018. Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Its Assosciation with Risk factors among Nonpregnant Women: A Hospital Based Study. International Journal of Microbiology, pp. 1-9.
9. Ries, A. J., 1997. Treatment of Vaginal Infections: Candidiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Trichomoniasis. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association, NS37(5), pp. 563-569.
10. U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2015. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Recommendations and Reports, 5 June, 64(5), pp. 69-72.
11. Watson, S., 2019. Everything You Need to Know About Maintaining Your Vaginal pH Balance. [Online] Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/vaginal-ph-balance[Accessed 7th January 2020].
12. Wilson, J., 2004. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sexually Transmitted Infections, Volume 80, pp. 8-11.
13. Workowski, K. & Bolan, G., 2015. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. MMWR Recomm Rep, 64(3), pp. 69-82.

Cold sores and fever blisters

1.Pringle, C. R. Merck Manual. Merk Manual (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2018). doi:10.1001/ archsurg.1972.04180110125043
2.James, C., et al. Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull. World Health Organ. 98, 315–329 (2020). 2. IQVIA. IMS Data D6D Top Viral INF Products. August 2020. Data on file
3.Usatine, R. P. & Tinitigan, R. Nongenital herpes simplex virus. Am. Fam. Physician 82, 1075–1082 (2010).
4.Saleh D., Yarrarapu SNS., Sharma S., S. S. Herpes Simplex Type 1. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482197/ (2020) doi:10.5772/21902.
5.Padgett, D. A., Sheridan, J. F., Dorne, J., Berntson, G. G., Candelora, J. & Glaser, R. Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 7231–7235 (1998).
6.Schmidt, D. D., Zyzanski, S., Ellner, J., Kumar, M. L. & Arno, J. Stress as a precipitating factor in subjects with recurrent herpes labialis. J. Fam. Pract. 20, 359–366 (1985).
7.Mayo Clinic. Cold sore [online] [cited 2018 November 28.]; Available from URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20371017.
8.For full prescribing information refer to the Professional Information approved by the medicines regulatory authority.
9.Spruance, S. L., et al. Acyclovir Cream for Treatment of Herpes Simplex Labialis: Results of Clinical Trials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2238–2243 (2002).
10.InformedHealth.Org (Internet). How effective are creams and tablets for the treatment of cold sores?? Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) 6 -8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525789/ (2006).

Natural Cough Relief

1.Truter I. Cough. Evidence Based Pharmacy Practice. SA Pharm J 2007;74(4):20-27.
2.Parihar M, et al. A review – Cough & treatments. International Journal of Natural Products Research 2011;1(1):9-18.
3.De Blasio F, Virchow JC, Polverino M, et al. Cough management: a practical approach. Cough 2011;7(1):7.
4.Mayo Clinic. Symptoms of Cough (2020) at https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/cough/basics/when -to-see-doctor/sym-20050846 (website accessed on 5 April 2021).
5.Eccles R. Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:718–725.
6.Turner RB. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;78:531–40.
7.Morice A, Kardos P. Comprehensive evidence-based review on European antitussives. BMJ Open Resp Res 2016;3:e000137.doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000137.
8.Buensalido JAL. Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold). 30 July 2019. Available from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/
227820-print. Accessed 5 December 2019.
9.Farzan S. Cough and Sputum Production. Chapter 38 – The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, 3rd Edition.
Butterworths.
10.Hanson C. Cough Mixtures – an overview. Prof Nurs Today 2018;22(2):28-32.
11.Capasso F, et al. Phytotherapy. Chapter 18 – Plants and the respiratory System. Springer Science & Business Media, 2003.
12.WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants Volume 2 [online]. Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42052/9241545372.pdf;jsessionid=E3CAB6566DE55C8F1C682BC68E326758?sequence=2. [Accessed 24 February 2022].
13.Duro- Tuss™ approved package insert, November 2017
14.Al-Snafi AE. The Pharmaceutical Importance of Althaea officinalis and Althaea rosea: A Review. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2013;5(3):1378-1385.
15.Fuller RW, Jackson DM. Physiology and treatment of cough. Thorax 1990;45:425-430.
16.Ciuman RR. Phytotherapeutic and naturopathic adjuvant therapies in otorhinolaryngology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012;269:389–397.
17.Pholtex Bronchostop® Cough Syrup professional information, September 2019.
18.Pholtex Bronchostop® Cough Pastilles professional information, September 2019.
19.Pholtex Bronchostop® Children’s Cough Instructions for use, February 2019
20.Goldman RD. Honey for treatment of cough in children. Canadian Family Physician 2014;60:1107-1110.
21.Oduwole O, et al. Honey for acute cough in children (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018,4. Art. No.: CD007094